STEREOTYPES AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LEADERSHIP

Authors

  • Mirela Ciolac

Abstract

Stereotypes are beliefs towards certain groups that are formed based on mental representations. Some researchers have proven that preference for male leaders is associated with a management style that defines management in male terms. We can state that in Romania there is openness for the promotion of women in business and in management positions but the average number is still low compared to men. 

References

Carless, S. A. (1998). Gender differences in transformational leadership: an examination of supervisor, leader, and subordinate perspectives, Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 39 (11-12), pp.887- 888

Catalyst, (1996). Catalyst census of women board directors of the Fortune 500 as of March 31. New York: Catalyst

Cernat, V., (2005). Psihologia stereotipurilor. Editura Polirom, IaÅŸi

Curşeu, P. L., Boroş, S., (2003). Femeia manager între reprezentare şi realitate socială. Editura ASCR, Cluj-Napoca

Ashmore, R., Del Boca, F. (1981). The Social Psychology of Female-Male Relation. New York: Academic Press Inc.

Boatwright, K. J. & Forrest, L. (2000). Leadership preferences: the influence of gender and needs for connection on workers’ ideal preference for leadership behaviors. Journal of Leadership Studies, 7(2), p.18

Deal, J. & Stevenson, M.A., (1998). Perception of Female and Male in the 1990s: Plus ca change.... In Sex Roles, vol. 38, pp. 287-300

Eagly, A.H. & Karau, S.J. (2002). Role congruity Theory of Prejudice Toward Female Leaders. Journal of Social Issues

Fagenson, E. A., (1990). The Earth of Women in Management Research. Theoretical and Methodological Approaches and Their Biases. Journal of Business Ethics, 9: 267-274

Frey, M., (1993). Nők a munkaerőpiacon. Társadalmi Szemle, 3. 26-29

Gardiner, M. & Tiggemann, M. (1999). Gender differences in leadership style, job stress, and mental health in male- and female-dominated industries. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72 (3), pp.301-316.

Gupta, V., K.; Bhawe, N., M., (2007). The Influence of Proactive Personality and Stereotype Threat on Women's Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, http://jlo.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/4/73

Hayes, A., (1999). The New Presence of Women Leaders. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, http://jlo.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/6/1-2/112

Heilman, M. E., (1983). Sex bias in work settings: The lack of fit model. Research in Organizational Behavior, 5, 269-298

Heilman, M.E., Block, C., Martell, R. & Simon, M. (1989). Has anything changed? Current characterizations of males, females and managers. In Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, pp. 935-942

Heilman, M. E. (2001). Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women’s ascent up the organizational ladder. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), pp.657-674.

Heilman, M. E., Wallen, A. S., Fuchs, D., & Tamkins, M. M., (2004). Penalties for success: Reaction to women who succeed at male gender-typed tasks. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 416-427

Judd, C.M., & Park, B. (1993). Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes. ÃŽn Psychological Review, 100, pp.109-128

Moss, S. E. & Kent, R. L. (1996). Gender and gender-role categorization of emergent leaders: a critical review and comprehensive analysis. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 35 (1-2), 79-97.

Nastas, D.(2004). Stereotipuri, prejudecăţi şi discriminare. În A. Neculau (coord.). Manual de psihologie socială(ediţia a II-a,corectatăşi completată). Editura Polirom, Iaşi, 254-271

Oakley, J. G. (2000). Gender-based barriers to senior management positions: understanding the scarcity of female CEOs. Journal of Business Ethics, 27, pp. 321-334

Orser, B., (1994). Sex Role Stereotypes and Requisite Management Characteristics: An International Perspective", Women In Management Review, Vol. 9 Iss: 4, pp.11 - 19

Popescu, A. (2006). Diferenţe de gen în leadership. Centrul Parteneriat pentru Egalitate, www.cpe.ro

Powell, G.N. & Graves, L., (2003). Women and men in management (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication, Inc.

Rueschmeyer, M. (1994). Women in the Politics of Post-Communist Eastern Europe. New York, Sharpe

Schein, V.E., (1973). The ralationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics, In Journal of Applied Psychology, 57, 95-100

Shein, VE. (2002). A Global Look at Psychological Barriers to Women’s Progress in Management. Journal of Social Issues, vol 57, issue 4, pp. 675-688

Vercellino, D. (2007). Stereotipuri de gen implicite ÅŸi explicite în organizaÅ£ii. Universitatea „BabeÅŸ – Bolyaiâ€, Cluj-Napoca

Yzerbyt, V. & Corneille, O. (2005). Cognitive Process: Reality Constraints and Integrity Concerns in Social Perception, http://www.psor.ucl.ac.be/per­sonal/yzerbyt/Y­zerbyt%20&%20Cor­­­­neille%20Al­lport%202005.pdf

Downloads

Published

2013-11-07