Entrepreneurship for Persons with Disabilities in Bangladesh: An Analysis of the Schools of Entrepreneurial Thought Approach

Authors

  • Saptarshi Dhar Institute of Business Administration, Jahangirnagar University Dhaka
  • Tahira Farzana Institute of Business Administration, Jahangirnagar University Dhaka

Keywords:

Persons with Disabilities (PWD), Entrepreneurship, Disability, Schools of Entrepreneurial Thought, Bangladesh.

Abstract

This exploratory study attempts to
provide a theoretical and empirically
informed analysis on why and how a
person with a disability becomes an
entrepreneur. The paper describes the
findings of a study designed to
understand the experiences of persons
with disabilities turning to be
entrepreneurs. The schools of
entrepreneurial thought approach have
been used as the theoretical basis for the
research, which has been used to
analyze the findings. The study was
conducted with a sample of 23 persons
with disabilities in Bangladesh,
identified through referral sampling
technique. In depth interview (IDI)
method was adopted to collect data
from the respondents. Findings reveal
that persons with disabilities turn to
entrepreneurship when they are 

supported by their social and cultural
atmosphere (social/cultural school of
thought), when they have funds
available (financial/capital school of
thought), when they go through
economic hardship (displacement
school of thought) or when they possess
an entrepreneurial spirit (entrepreneurial
trait school of thought) that drives them
to seek entrepreneurial opportunities.
Findings also show that social/cultural
school of thought has the highest
representation among the male and
female respondents. Sector wise,
majority of male and female
respondents are involved in productionbased
businesses.

References

Akinyemi, E. O. (2016). Entrepreneurial empowerment of people with

special needs in Ondo and Osun States, Nigeria. Journal of Arts

and Humanities, Vol. 5, No. 11, pp.26.

Akpor-Robaro, Mamuzo, M. O. (2012). The impact of socio-cultural

environment on entrepreneurial emergence: A theoretical

analysis of Nigerian society. European Journal of Business and

Management, Vol. 4 No. 16, pp. 172-182.

Aldrich, H. E., Jones, T. P., McEvoy, D. (1984). Ethnic advantage and

minority business development, in R. Ward and R. Jenkins

(ed.), Ethnic communities in business: Strategies for economic

survival, pp. 189-210. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. (2010). Household Income and

Expenditure Survey (HIES). Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of

Statistics.

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. (2015). Disability in Bangladesh:

Prevalence and pattern. Dhaka: Ministry of planning,

Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.

Bangladesh Persons with Disability Welfare Act. (2001). Ministry of

Law Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. The People’s Republic

of Bangladesh.

Blanck, P. D., Sandler, L. A., Schmeling, J. L., Schartz, H. A. (2000).

The emerging workforce of entrepreneurs with disabilities:

Preliminary study of entrepreneurship in Iowa. Iowa Law

Review, Vol. 85, No. 5, pp. 1583-1668.

Boylan, A., Burchardt, T. (2002). Barriers to self employment for

disabled people. London, UK: SBS Research & Evaluation.

Brenner, G. A., Toulouse, J. M. (1990). Business creation among the

Chinese immigrants in Montreal. Journal of Small Business and

Entrepreneurship, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 38-44.

Brenner, R. (1987). National Policy and entrepreneurship: The

statesman’s dilemma. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 2

No. 2, pp. 95-101.

Brockhaus, R. H., Horwitz, P. S. (1986). The psychology of the

entrepreneur, in D. Sexton & R.W. Smilor (ed.), The art and

science of entrepreneurship, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

Callahan, M., Shumpert, N., Mast, M. (2002). Self-employment, choice

and self-determination. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation,

Vol. 17, pp. 75–85.

Casson, M. (2015). Evolution of the concept of entrepreneurship, in D.

B. Audretsch, C. S. Hayter, A. N. Link. (ed.), Concise

Entrepreneurship, Technology and Innovation. Cheltenham,

UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Cieślik, J. (2017). Entrepreneurship In Emerging Economies:

Enhancing its Contribution to Socio-Economic Development.

Switzerland: Palgrave McMillan.

Cooney, T. (2008). Entrepreneurs with disabilities: A profile of a

forgotten minority. Irish Business Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp.

-129.

Dana, L. P. (1995). Entrepreneurship in a remote sub-Arctic

community. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 20

No. 1, pp. 57-72.

Dhar, S., Farzana, T. (2017). Entrepreneurs with disabilities in

Bangladesh: An exploratory study on their entrepreneurial motivation and challenges. European Journal of Business and

Management, Vol. 36 No. 9, pp. 103-114.

Doyel, A. (2002). A realistic perspective of risk in self-employment for

people with disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation,

Vol. 17, pp. 115–24.

Edelman, L., Yli-Renko, H. (2010). The impact of environment and

entrepreneurial perceptions on venture creation efforts:

Bridging the discovery and creation views of entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 34, No. 5, pp.

–856.

Erikson, T. (2002). Entrepreneurial capital: The emerging venture’s

most important asset and competitive advantage. Journal of

Business Venturing, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 275–290.

Gadgil, D. R. (1954). Origins of The Modern Indian Business Class.

New York: Institute of Pacific Relations.

Gaglio, C. M., Katz, J. A. (2001). The psychological basis of

opportunity identification: Entrepreneurial alertness. Small

Business Economics, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 95-111.

Geertz, C. (1963). Peddlers and princes: Social development and

economic changes in two Indonesian towns. Chicago:

University of Chicago Press.

Godley, A. (2005). The Emergence of Ethnic Entrepreneurship.

Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Hagen, E. E. (1962). On The Theory of Social Change: How Economic

Growth Begins. IL: Dorsey.

Hagner, D., Davies, T. (2002). Doing my own thing: supported selfemployment

for individuals with cognitive disabilities. Journal

of Vocational Rehabilitation, Vol. 17, pp.65–74.

Halabisky, D. (2014). Entrepreneurial Activities in Europe -

Entrepreneurship for People with Disabilities. OECD

Employment Policy Papers, Paris: OECD Publishing.

Harper, M., Momm, W. (1989). Self-employment for disabled people:

Experiences from Africa and Asia. International Labor Office.

Hills, G. E., Shrader, R. C. (1998). Successful entrepreneurs’ insights

into opportunity Recognition, in P. E. Reynolds, W. D.

Bygrave, N. M. Carter, S. Manigart, C. Mason, G. D. Meyer,

K. Shaver, (ed.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, pp.

-43. Babson College, Babson Park: MA. Holland, D. V., Shepherd, D. A. (2013). Deciding to persist: Adversity,

values, and entrepreneurs’ decision policies. Entrepreneurship

Theory and Practice, Vol. 37 No. 2, pp. 331–358.

ILO (2011). Empowering people with disabilities for rural development.

Retrieved February 15, 2018 from

http://www.ilo.org/employment/units/ruraldevelopment/

WCMS_159006/lang--en/index.htm

Japan International Cooperation Agency (2002). Country Profile on

Disability: People’s Republic of Bangladesh. Japan

International Cooperation Agency, Planning and Evaluation

Department.

Jenkins, R. (1984). Ethnicity and the rise of capitalism in ulster, in R.

Ward and R. Jenkins (ed.), Ethnic communities in business:

Strategies for economic survival, Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

Jones, M., Latreille, P. (2011). Disability and self-employment:

Evidence for the UK. Applied Economics, Vol. 43, No. 27, pp.

-4178.

Kihlstrom, R. E., Laffont, J. J. (1979). A general equilibrium

entrepreneurial theory of firm formation based on risk aversion.

Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 87, No. 4, pp. 719-748.

Kuratko, D. F. (2016). Entrepreneurship: Theory, Process, and

Practice. Boston: Cengage Learning.

Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., Covin, J. G. (2014). Diagnosing a firm’s

internal environment for corporate entrepreneurship. Business

Horizons, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 37–47.

Kuratko, D. F., Morris, M. H., Schindehutte, M. (2015). Understanding

the dynamics of entrepreneurship through framework

approaches. Small Business Economics, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 1-

Liang, K., Dunn, P. (2007). Triggers of decisions to launch a new

venture - is there any difference between pre-business and inbusiness

entrepreneurs? Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal,

Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 79-96.

Liñán, F., Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and cross-cultural

application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial

intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 33, No.

, pp. 593-617.

McClelland, D. C. (1961). The Achievement Society. Princeton, NJ: Von

Nostrand.

McClelland, D. C. (1990). Human Motivation. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

Meager, N., Higgins, T. (2011). Disability and Skills in a Changing

Economy. UK Commission for Employment and Skills,

Briefing Paper Series. Retrieved February 15, 2018 from

http://www.oph.fi/download/140962_equality-disability.pdf

Miron, D., McClelland, D. (1979). The impact of achievement

motivation training on small business performance. California

Management Review, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp.13–28.

Mishra, A. (2005). Entrepreneurial motivations in start-up and survival

of micro and small enterprises in the rural non-farm economy.

Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, Vol. 18, No. 3,

pp. 289-326.

Mitchell, J. R., Shepherd, D. A. (2010). To thine own self be true:

Images of self, images of opportunity, and entrepreneurial

action. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 138–

Mueller, S. L., Thomas, A. S. (2001). Culture and entrepreneurial

potential: a nine country study of locus of control and

innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 16, pp. 51–

Oliver, M. (1990). The Politics of Disablement. London: Macmillan.

Pagán, R. (2009). Self-employment among people with disabilities:

Evidence for Europe. Disability and Society, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp.

–229.

Ronstadt, R. C. (1984). Entrepreneurship. Dover, MA: Lord Publishing.

Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Schur, L. (2003). Barriers or opportunities? The causes of contingent

and part-time work among people with disabilities. Industrial

Relations, Vol. 42, No 4, pp. 589-622.

Sexton, D. L., Bowman-Upton, N. (1990). Female and male

entrepreneurs: Psychological characteristics and their role in

gender-related discrimination. Journal of business venturing,

Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 29-36.

Shakespeare, T. (2006). The social model of disability, in L. J. Davis

(ed.), The Disability Studies Reader, pp. 197-204. New York,

NY: Routledge.

Shane, S. (2002). The Foundation of Entrepreneurship. Massachusetts:

Edward Elgar Publishing.

Shapero, A. (1975). The displaced, uncomfortable entrepreneur.

Psychology Today, Vol. 9 No. 11, pp.83-133.

Shapero, A. (1984). The entrepreneurial event. in C.A. Kent (ed.), The

Environment for Entrepreneurship. Lexington, MA: D.C.

Health.

Shapero, A., Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of

entrepreneurship, in C.A. Kent, D.L. Sexton, K.H. Vesper (ed.),

Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, pp. 72-89. Englewood

Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

Shaver, K. G., Scott, L. R. (1992). Person, process, choice: The

psychology of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory

and Practice, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 23-46.

Shelton, L. M. (2010). Fighting an uphill battle: Expansion barriers,

intra-industry social stratification, and minority firm growth.

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp.

–398.

SIDA. (2014). Disability rights in Bangladesh. Retrieved from

http://www.sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/partners/human-rightsbased-

approach/disability/rights-of-persons-with-disabilitiesbangladesh.

pdf.

Stewart Jr, W. H., Roth, P. L. (2001). Risk propensity differences

between entrepreneurs and managers: A meta-analytic review.

Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 86, No. 1, pp.145-153.

Thomas, A. S., Mueller, S. L. (2000). A case for comparative

entrepreneurship: Assessing the relevance of culture. Journal of

International Business Studies, Vol.31, pp. 287–301.

Titumir, R. A. M., Hossain, J. (2005). Disability in Bangladesh:

Prevalence, Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices. Dhaka:

Unnoyan Onneshan.

Utsch, A., Rauch, A. (2000). Innovativeness and initiative as mediators

between achievement orientation and venture performance.

European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,

Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 45–62.

Van de Ven, H. (1993). The development of an infrastructure for

entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 8, No. 3,

pp. 211-230.

WHO & The World Bank (2011). World Report on Disability. Geneva,

Switzerland: World Health Organization.

WHO (2017). Retrieved July 6, 2017, from World Health Organization

website, http://www.who.int/topics/disabilities/en/.

York, J. G., Venkataraman, S. (2010). The entrepreneur– environment

nexus: Uncertainty, innovation, and allocation. Journal of

Business Venturing, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 449–463.

Young, F. W. (1971). A macroscopical interpretation of

entrepreneurship, in P. Kilby (ed.), Entrepreneurship and

Economic Development, pp.139-150. New York: The Free

Press.

Zamore, S. (2014). Motivations for business start-up: are there any

differences between disabled and non-disabled people?

(Master's thesis, University of Agder). Retrieved July 20, 2017

from https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/handle/11250/220737.

Downloads

Published

2018-11-29